Archive for January, 2009

The Future of Biodiesel

Saturday, January 17th, 2009
biodiesel
roosterbob asked:


Presently, biodiesel is one of the trends engulfing the gas guzzling and petrol-pouting consumers. For the former, the reason may lie heavily on the spiking prices posted by the oil industry. If you can save a few dollars by using an additive, why not use it, right? But for the latter, it is more than money saving—it is more on environment saving. Biodiesel is ideal because it is made without any sulfur and is biodegradable, truly a treehugger’s fuel choice, not to mention the huge reduction in general emission.

The Process of Transesterification

This is the process where biodiesel comes into being. The procedure of transesterification literally allows for the extraction of glycerin by adding alcohol and lye to the waste vegetable oil or animal fats collected from various fast food stores and restaurants. Having biodiesel processors will enable you to harness what seems to be slop into an effective fuel alternative.

Note that the oil itself can be obtained from renewable sources like maize, peanuts, soybeans, or any oil-based product for that matter. With this said, if you can extract oil from an item, then most probably you can produce biodiesel out of it. Of course you need the proper biodiesel equipment to actually obtain liquid gold from a pile of sludge.

Varieties & Ratios

Biodiesel comes in a number of mixtures and combinations. This can be blended with different levels of oil or sometimes even used independently. If a biodiesel is mixed with oil, it will be identified as such, or you may look at the pump. It will reflect a letter (B) followed by a number. B, obviously stands for biodiesel then the number attached to it connotes the percentage of the biodiesel used. B20 means twenty percent of the mixture is bio while eighty percent is petro-diesel; same goes with B15 and B60.

If you plan to concoct your own environmentally friendly fuel in large batches, you may opt to buy a biodiesel expansion pack—bigger tanks, thicker hoses, and more bio-fuel for you.



Modification, supply and cost issues


Biodiesel can virtually make any vehicle that feeds on regular diesel run with little or no modification. But for those that require a little tweaking, it is advisable to check with your car manufacturer first before buying any Biodiesel equipment. Although most cars will work fine with biodiesel, it is better to address some warranty concerns.

You can either locate a local biodiesel station or purchase biodiesel processors. Pumping station can easily be found using the internet or let your fingers do the walking on the yellow pages. To be honest, some states have little bio-stations presently in business and the Midwest is paving the way in promoting this eco-friendly alternative. 

The cost attached with purchasing biodiesel is fairly less as opposed to its pure petrol equivalent. It is safe to claim that a gallon of Biodiesel will only cost you $1 if you make it on your own. Now think about the pump price for diesel. No wonder why consumers are starting to shift to biodiesel.

While it is nowhere close to being capable of replacing standard fuels, it is certainly well on its way.



Some of the Biodiesel Solvets Used in the Production of Biodiesel

Wednesday, January 14th, 2009
biodiesel
Muna wa Wanjiru asked:


What is a Biodiesel?

Biodiesel can be differentiated from the waste vegetable oils (WVO) or from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) which are used as fuels in some diesel vehicles. Biodiesel is a diesel that is equivalent to the processed fuel which results from the biological sources such as vegetable oils that can be used in unmodified diesel engine vehicles. Biodiesel is considered to be the fuel for future. It is an alternative fuel which is made from renewable resources.

Biodiesel is a very safe fuel which can be used in any diesel engine vehicle. While preparation of Biodiesel does not involve any harmful ingredients and also it does not produce any harmful byproducts. You can prepare Biodiesel at your own place. The ingredients to prepare Biodiesel are triglyceride fat or oil i.e. vegetable which is used in cooking, a strong base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a relatively pure alcohol. Biodiesel is one of the cheapest, safest and cleanest fuels available.

Solvents used in a Biodiesel

Large numbers of solvents are used in a bio diesel plant. The types and the solvent used are basically dependent on the type of the plant. The solvents may also be various chemicals used. Alkyl esters are used in many ways. One of such way is it is used as a solvent in the Biodiesel and it also is used as chemical intermediates which is required for the formation of the detergents.

The pure form of Biodiesel can be used in its pure form. This Biodiesel may include unburned hydrocarbons and it also contains carbon monoxides. This is on of the most efficient way to use a Biodiesel especially when the biodegradability and non-toxicity are important factors.

The solvent properties of the bio diesel are at the highest intensity and they may also cause problems with the loosening of lacquer deposits in the tanks which have he lines and fuels. The problem of the solvents with the B100 is more or less a major concern when the use of the blends is made.

Some of the solvents generally used are hexane, isopropanol, methanol, isopropanol, oil etc People also produce Biodiesel from the alkali and acid process. Vegetable oil or the waste cooking oil is used for making Biodiesel. The acid based process which requires waste cooking oil is very economic allover.

Some of the projects which use extensive amount are mentioned below:

In Egypt a project has been undertaken which involves the use of the Jatropha as a potential Biodiesel feedstock. Another project in which the Biodisel Fuel from the non edible Vegetable oil is also under taken as a collaborative project by UNH Biodiesel group and the famous National Research Center (NRC), Cairo. Oil is used in large amount and it is extracted from the seeds. In these projects solvents like oil, methanol, and glycerol are extensively used. The chemical reaction of the solvents and the materials used can be future summarized in the following manner:- Oil + 3 Methanol [using NaOH or KOH catalyst] = 3 Biodiesel (Methyl Ester) + Glycerol. The main objective behind the research was to study the transesterification of the oil extracted to the Biodisel.



What Is Biomass Electricity And Is It Green?

Saturday, January 10th, 2009
green energy
Jamie Green asked:


In the race to find a sustainable source of alternative energy, many heads are turning towards biomass electricity.  There are many questions being asked, from exactly how the electricity is made and what it is to whether it is truly a green alternative.  While far fewer consumers know about biomass and the potential held within that would be preferred, the word seems to be spreading quickly, adding to the hope that there will be a more significant demand for this unique method of energy production.

Biomass is living and recently dead biological matter, and can include yard clippings, tree branches, and wood chips.  Biomass is typically obtained from harvesting and processing agricultural and forestry crops.  In a process called cogeneration, the biomass is burned, creating steam that turns turbines in order to create electricity.  The steam is then used for secondary processes, from factory use to things such as drying out vegetables, making the entire process remarkably energy efficient.

The United States currently utilizes biomass for approximately 0.5 percent of its electricity generation.  This small percentage of biomass use saves approximately eleven million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year compared to fossil fuel combustion.  Converting biomass to energy also changes methane or CH4 to carbon dioxide or CO2.  Because methane emissions are far more harmful to the greenhouse gases surrounding the atmosphere, this process is considered a highly valuable tool in the fight against global warming.  Biomass electricity production reduces greenhouse gases at least five times more effectively than other methods of producing electricity, both renewable and nuclear.

One fact that surprises many consumers is that biomass was once the primary source of heat across the globe.  When thinking of what comprises biomass, many people do not realize that firewood is considered a source.  When considering the amount of homes that still implement fireplaces and the cost effectiveness and efficiency that comes with these heat sources, the need for a source of biomass power on a larger scale becomes more obvious.

One place some cities are finally beginning to see as an excellent source of biomass is municipal waste areas.  As landfills are exceeding their capacity, we are left with lots of trash and nowhere to store it.  A great percentage of our waste is able to be used to produce energy, and many cities are starting to see that converting this waste to energy has multiple benefits in that it creates renewable and environmentally friendly energy while also reducing landfill bound waste.

While most sources of energy must start at the top before they will be usable to consumers, there are a variety of options for using biomass to power your home.  New homes can be built to burn wood or other biomass to produce energy.  Homes are still connected to a city grid in case there is a need for more power, and when excess power is created it produces a credit as the electric meter runs backwards.  As the cost of energy rises significantly, more and more homeowners are implementing such systems in their homes, with the global hope that businesses and industries will soon be forced to follow suit.



Utilities - Green Energy in the UK

Saturday, January 10th, 2009
green energy
David Collins asked:


With all this talk of the rising cost of energy and oil prices – as well as the never-ending debate of climate change - many are turning to alternative methods of generating power in order to save money on their utility bills.

There are a wide range of methods for harvesting natural energy – such as wind power, with some even converting their car engines to run off reprocessed vegetable oil, or biofuel.

Choosing to generate power from natural resources is by no means cheap, however the long term benefits still attract many to the idea in many ways – from setting up turbines at their homes to recycling materials.

There are many companies which specialize in products that capture and convert energy from natural resources, including solar power.

As technology advances, the methods of capturing natural energy have the potential to become smaller, lighter and more affordable to run.

Wind turbines have remained a much discussed alternative energy technique, with a mixed reaction from the public regarding the construction of turbines to help reduce levels of carbon emissions from power stations.

However, home turbines and solar panels are now becoming a popular addition to households who are looking to save money on their gas and electricity bills.

Indeed, many countries in the Mediterranean region make use of solar panels to help power houses and businesses.

You may think that in a country such as the UK, where the sun appears to elude us at times this could seem pretty useless. However, solar panels are not dependent on hot weather, for a small amount of energy can still be generated just from normal daylight alone.

And the equipment itself is getting lighter, meaning that installation can be simplified because of the reduction in weight. However it is still advisable to seek advice from a surveyor before deciding to install solar panels.

With the credit crunch causing increases in everything from credit cards to gas and electricity bills, people are looking for more affordable means of generating their own power in order to cut down on their utility bills.

Wind turbines store energy from a rotor, where power is generated as the blades are turned. Energy that is harvested through home turbine kits can be used as part of the energy used in your home.

Some energy companies will offer the opportunity to reduce the cost of your electricity bill by giving some of the energy back to the grid.

However it’s best to check with your neighbours before taking the decision to install a small unit on the side of your property – for what may be saving money for yourself may be considered an eyesore by others.



Rising Gas Prices - Coping With Their Effect on Retail Sales

Saturday, January 10th, 2009
gas prices
Larry Pfeil asked:


The price of oil impacts nearly every part of our lives, but what it means to retailers can be especially profound. More expensive oil translates into higher material costs, higher manufacturing costs, and higher transportation costs for the delivery of goods; but it also translates into higher fuel costs for consumers needed to visit brick and mortar stores. Retailers are caught in the middle between an increasing cost of goods and fewer customers visiting their stores.

 

In order to stay competitive, and in some cases in order to survive, retailers need to adapt to changes in the shopping habits of consumers and continue to meet the consumers’ needs. As gas prices rise, more and more consumers are shopping from home. While changes in consumer shopping habits present obvious challenges, they also present significant opportunities for retailers who are willing to adapt to and meet the changing needs of their customers. Simply put, retailers have to be able to effectively and efficiently serve remote shoppers, and a critical component of serving remote shoppers is handling inbound phone calls.

 

Today, most businesses treat inbound phone calls more as an annoyance than an opportunity. The promise of e-commerce led many businesses to direct limited resources away from phone-based sales toward Internet-based sales. However, it is not web-savvy consumers that make up the bulk of new remote shoppers. The fact of the matter is that as more shopping is done from home, inbound phone calls will necessarily become an increasingly important part of a retailer’s sales prospects. Businesses that embrace the change will benefit to the detriment of those that resist. Retailers who are willing can capitalize on inbound sales calls by establishing a plan to handle the calls and convert them into sales.

 

To a remote shopper, the image projected by a business over the phone is the equivalent of the storefront. It is imperative that retailers project a polished and professional image over the phone. First, every business should have a strict policy for answering the phone. Each person within the business that answers incoming phone calls should follow an incoming call script that is short, cheerful, and professional. The script should identify the name of the business and is an opportunity to thank the caller for taking the time to call. For example, “Thank you for calling XYZ Corporation, how may I help you?” Basic phone etiquette is important and anyone that answers the phone should be trained to be polite, speak clearly, smile while speaking, and use appropriate grammar and language.

 

Second, businesses should have a method in place for keeping callers on the line during call transfers or call queues. A well crafted on hold program is crucial to every business that receives inbound phone calls. On hold programs should be a combination of short, positive messages that emphasize aspects of the business, its products or services; and cheerful, upbeat music. On hold message content may be coordinated with specific marketing campaigns by adding on hold marketing to a company’s overall marketing mix. However, program formatting is important, as a poorly crafted on hold program might project a negative company image and might actually increase the incidence of hang-ups.

 

And last, anyone handling inbound sales calls should be trained in basic salesmanship. The goal of a business in receiving inbound calls is to convert as many of the calls as possible into orders. By adapting to changes in consumer shopping habits; challenges such as the rising price of gas can be turned into opportunities to differentiate a business from its competitors and provide a level of service that will keep current customers as well as attract new customers from business that continue to resist the change. While the increasing price of oil presents a significant challenge to businesses and consumers alike, businesses that anticipate and adapt to changes in consumer shopping patterns can take measures to minimize negative effects, or even benefit from the change.



How to Process Biodiesel

Friday, January 9th, 2009
biodiesel
Matt Oconnor asked:


A biodiesel processor is a device used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil. It’s usually a combination of a reaction vessel and collection area. Biodiesel processors are available as industrial grade systems as well as for homebrew processes.

A biodiesel processor follows a certain procedure in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel. The first step is the preparation of the components such as vegetable oil to be used in processing biodiesel.

Utmost care must be taken in trying to check the amount of water and free fatty acids contained in the vegetable oil. If the free fatty acid level or water level is too high in the vegetable oil, it may cause problems such as soap formation and the separation of the glycerin by-product downstream.

After the right levels of fatty acids and water are reached, a catalyst is then dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator or mixer which is then introduced into a closed reaction vessel of the biodiesel processor. The vegetable or animal oil can then be added.

The loss of alcohol is prevented by making the system totally enclosed at this point as the reaction mix is being heated to convert the fat in the vegetable oil into esters. The heated reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (around 70 degrees) in order to speed up the reaction. The length of reaction time can vary from 1 to 8 hours. Excess alcohol is sometimes added in order to ensure total conversion of the vegetable fat or oil to its esters. The mixture then comes to its glycerin phase.

With the glycerin phase in the works, glycerin from the oil separates from the unwashed biodiesel. The two can be separated by means of gravity with the glycerin simply drawn off from the bottom of the collecting vessel. An industrial centrifuge may also be used to separate the two materials faster and more efficiently.

Once the glycerin and the unwashed biodiesel have been successfully separated, the excess alcohol still remaining in each part is removed by flash evaporation or by distillation. The alcohol can be effectively recovered using good distillation equipment and can be re-used for processing other vegetable oil batches into biodiesel. It is important to ensure no water accumulates in the recovered alcohol stream during the whole process so as not to lose quality.

The unwashed biodiesel goes through the process of either mist or bubble wash in order to remove left over alcohol, glycerin and other impurities in the biodiesel. Then it’s allowed to dry to remove the water from the biodiesel. The fuel is then filtered before it can finally be used as fuel.

There, that may seem a little complicated when just read all in one go, but that’s the basics of how to process biodiesel.

There are a number of biodiesel processors to allow production of the alternative fuel in varying degrees. There are industrial grade processors available that allow commercial production of biodiesel. There are also several biodiesel processors available for homebrewers to produce the fuel for personal use.

Most processors can be set up in any available space in your home. There are also some models that are portable enough to fit into the back of vans and are so easily transportable. If you are interested in having your own biodiesel processor at home, you can always try checking out online forums as well as online shops that sell such devices.